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Table 3 The prevalence of various pathogens associated with TD across 15 studies

From: Evidence of pathogens associated with travelers’ diarrhea in Thailand: a systematic review

Pathogens

Number of studies (n = 15)

Percent (%)

Number of isolates/ samples

References

Bacteria

    

Campylobacter

    

 C. jejuni

5

33.3

427

[4, 31, 35, 36, 40]

 Campylobacter spp.

4

26.7

166

[1, 4, 24, 39]

 C. jejuni/coli

4

26.7

80

[22, 33, 38, 40]

 C. coli

1

6.7

10

[40]

E. coli

    

 ETEC

12

80.0

172

[4, 19, 22, 24, 31, 33, 34, 36, 38,39,40]

 EPEC

6

40.0

100

[1, 4, 24, 31, 38, 40]

 AEEC

1

6.7

28

[22]

 EAEC

4

26.7

50

[4, 24, 31, 40]

 ESBL-producing E. coli

1

6.7

8

[37]

 EIEC

3

20.0

5

[1, 4, 24]

 STEC

1

6.7

3

[24]

Salmonella

    

 Salmonella spp.

6

40.0

130

[1, 24, 31, 33, 38, 39]

 Non-typhoidal Salmonella

2

13.3

67

[22, 40]

 S. enteritis

1

6.7

10

[36]

Plesiomonas

    

 Plesiomonas spp.

4

26.7

100

[1, 22, 24, 39]

 P. shigelloides

4

26.7

50

[4, 36, 38, 40]

Vibrio

    

 Vibrio spp.

4

26.7

67

[1, 4, 19, 24]

 V. parahaemolyticus

4

26.7

20

[22, 36, 39, 40]

 V. cholerae

1

6.7

2

[24]

 V. cholerae non-O1

3

20.0

13

[22, 36, 38]

 V. cholerae O1

1

6.7

1

[19]

 V. fluvialis

1

6.7

1

[36]

Aeromonas

    

 Aeromonas spp.

6

40.0

48

[1, 4, 19, 24, 39, 40]

 A. hydrophila

2

13.3

15

[33, 36]

Shigella

    

 Shigella spp.

6

40.0

40

[1, 4, 22, 24, 38, 39]

 S. flexneri

1

6.7

4

[33]

 S. dysenteriae

1

6.7

1

[33]

Arcobacter

    

 Arcobacter spp.

2

13.3

2

[1, 24]

 A. butzleri

1

6.7

1

[4]

Bacteroides fragilis

1

6.7

11

[24]

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile

1

6.7

2

[24]

Helicobacter pylori

2

13.3

6

[4, 24]

Virus

    

 Rotavirus

6

40.0

24

[4, 22, 24, 36, 38, 39]

 Norovirus

4

26.7

99

[1, 4, 24, 31]

 Norwalk virus

2

13.3

14

[36, 38]

 Sapovirus

1

6.7

6

[24]

 Adenovirus

1

6.7

1

[40]

Parasite

    

 Giardia spp.

3

20.0

13

[1, 24, 39]

 Cryptosporidium spp.

2

13.3

6

[1, 24]

 Blastocystis hominis

1

6.7

2

[36]

 Capillaria spp.

1

6.7

2

[32]

 Cyclospora spp.

1

6.7

2

[24]

  1. Abbreviations: ETEC, Enterotoxigenic E. coli; EPEC, Enteropathogenic E. coli; AEEC, Attaching and effacing E. coli; EAEC, Enteroaggregative E. coli; ESBL, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli; EIEC, Enteroinvasive E. coli; STEC, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
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Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines

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